IF you want to know about car tuning,how to increase engine power and how to modify your car, then you've come to the right place. However, before we can start talking about engine tuning and increasing engine power and torque, we first need to have a basic understanding of how an internal combustion engine produces power. Therefore, over the next few pages of this section, we'll discuss the various basic concepts and principles of the internal combustion engines and the common terms used to discuss engine modifications, such as volumetri efficiency, engine displacement and air density as all of these influence engine power and performace Once we have a clear understanding of how a four stroke engine produces power, we can move on and start make our plans to increase engine performance.

Although there are two types of internal combustion engines, namely the two stroke engine and the four stroke engine, we're only interested in car performance and since the two-stroke engine is not used on cars, we won't be discussing that engine here. Instead we'll focus out attentions soely on the four-stroke engine because cars use the four-stroke engine and not the two-stoke engine. If you're looking for information about the two-stroke engine, you could try How Stuff Works or Wikipedia.

The Wankel rotary engine.

here are also numerous derivatives of the four stroke engine – diesel engines, petrol engines, four cylinder engines, straight sixes, boxer engines, rotary or wankel engines, turbocharged engines, supercharged engines, etc. With the marked exception of the rotary engine, all four stroke engines have a common basic design – they all consist of individual cylinders with pistons that are connected to a flywheel by a crankshaft, and they all make use of what is known as the Otto Cycle. This makes it fairly easy to discuss basic engine power concepts as we don't need to concern ourselves with V's and straights, boxers and horizontally opposed engines. Instead our discussion can and will be all about the four stroke internal combustion engine. In addition, the deisle engine has had a resurgence in recent years and has become more of a performance engine, especially the turbo-diesel engine. A lot of what we discuss here can be applied to modern diesel engines but there are some aspects of engine modification that are specific to diesel engines; for this reason we'll discuss diesel engines anddiesel engine modifications on their own.

o let us begin by looking at the four strokes of the four stroke internal combustion engine otherwise known as the Otto cycle. You can skip this section if you're already familiar with the Otto cycle and head on over to basic engine power or engine building,.

BUGATTE VEYRON ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS

Bugatti did two things to create a compact engine capable of producing 1,000 hp. The first and most obvious thing is turbocharging.

If you have read How Turbochargers Work, you know that one easy way to make an engine more powerful without making the engine bigger is to stuff more air into the cylinders on each intake stroke. Turbochargers do that. A turbo pressurizes the air coming into the cylinder so the cylinder can hold more air.
If you stuff twice as much air in each cylinder, you can burn twice as much gasoline. In reality, it's not quite a perfect ratio like that, but you get the idea. The Bugatti uses a maximum turbo boost of 18 PSI to double the output power of its engine.
Therefore, turbocharging allows Bugatti to cut the size of the engine from 16 liters back down to a more manageable 8 liters.
To generate that much air pressure, the Bugatti requires four separate turbochargers arranged around the engine.
Photo courtesy Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S.Engine and air snorkels
The second thing Bugatti engineers did, both to keep the RPM redline high and to lower lag time when you press the accelerator, was to double the number of cylinders. The Bugatti has a very rare 16-cylinder engine.
There are two easy ways to create a 16-cylinder engine.
One way would be to put two V-8 engines in-line with each other. You connect the output shaft of the two V-8s together.
Another would be to put two in-line 8-cylinder engines beside one another. The latter technique is, in fact, the way Bugatti created its first 16-cylinder cars in the early 20th century.
For the Veyron, Bugatti chose a much more challenging path. Essentially, Bugatti merged two V-8 engines onto one another, and then let both of them share the same crankshaft. This configuration creates the W-16 engine found in the Veyron

Drifting Techniques

Kansei Drift- this is performed at race speeds, when entering a high speed corner a driver lifts his foot off the throttle to induce a mild over steer and then balances the drift through steering and throttle motions. Note that the car that is being used for this style of drift should be a neutral balanced car therefore the over steer will induce itself. If the car plows through any turn this technique will not work.Braking drift- this is performed by trail braking into a corner, then loss of grip is obtained and then balance through steering and throttle motions. Note that this is mainly for medium to low speed corners. Faint Drift- this is performed by rocking the car towards the outside of a turn and then using the rebound of grip to throw the car into the normal cornering direction. Note that this is heavy rally racing technique used to change vehicle attitudes during cornering, mainly tight mountain corners.Clutch Kick- this is performed by depressing the clutch pedal on approach or during a mild drift, then pop the clutch to give a sudden jolt through the driveline to upset rear traction.Shift Lock- this is performed by letting the revs drop on downshift into a corner and then releasing the clutch to put stress on the driveline to slow the rear tires inducing over steer. This is like pulling the E-brake through a turn - note that this should be performed in the wet to minimize damage to the driveline, etc.E-Brake Drift- this technique is very basic, pull the E-Brake or (side brake) to induce rear traction loss and balance drift through steering and throttle play. Note that this can also be used to correct errors or fine tune drift angles.Dirt Drop Drift- this is performed by dropping the rear tires off the road into the dirt to maintain or gain drift angle without losing power or speed and to set up for the next turn. Note that this technique is very useful for low horsepower cars.Jump Drift- in this technique the rear tire on the inside of a turn or apex is bounced over a curb to lose traction resulting in oversteer. Long Slide Drift- this is done by pulling the E-brake through a strait to start a high angel drift and to hold this to set up for the turn ahead. Note that this can only be done at high speed.Swaying Drift- this is a slow side-to-side faint like drift where the rear end sways back and forth down a strait. FF Drift- or front wheel drive drift. The E-brake as well as steering and braking techniques must be used to balance the car through a corner. Note that the E-brake is the main technique used to balance the drift.Power Over- this performed when entering a corner and using full throttle to produce heavy oversteer (tail slide) through the turn. Note that you need horsepower to make this happen.

CAR RACING TIPS

Faster Turns
"Lots of beginners learn how to do one turn real fast and they'll go into the next turn faster than they ever have and they'll blow that turn. Remember to let off the gas into the next turn after a fast lap even earlier because your going faster.""When you're finishing a turn, let the front wheel unwind and your car drift out all the way to the wall so you get the most speed possible."

Control your Throttle
"What a lot of people don't realize, in addition to learning the lines of the track, throttle control is every bit as important if not more than the learning the fastest lines. Throttle control directly affects the line you can take. You can turn a fast time with a good line, and on the next lap you might take the same line, but if your throttle control isn't consistent, you're not going to be as fast. This goes for all tracks.""Another simple idea that drivers just don't take into consideration - get off the gas sooner going into the corner and get back on the gas sooner while in the turn. Just be consistent."

Ride Along and Learn
"Take speedway secrets! This is the best thing I can suggest if you really want to get better. I could tell you what to do until I was blue in the face, but until you ride with someone who's fast, you're not going to be fast. Some people say to first timers to follow the black strip on the track. You can, but there are faster lines on the track out there and someone has to point them out to you."

Fast Starts
"If you want a better start out of pits, bury the throttle to the floor and get it up to 9000 RPMs. Then drop the clutch and go just after the red light on the dash appears and you feel the car slipping a bit."

Be Smooth
"Enter turns slowly, and leave turns fast. You have to be smooth, easy on the throttle. Stay very calm and control the steering wheel with minimal input. Atlanta is a very fast track with plenty of room to go two or three wide, which is very cool."

Use the Power
"Be sure to wind the engine out to high RPMs before shifting to the next gear. The power band of the engine is at high revs, so make sure you take advantage of the engine's peak performance."

Drive to Balance Your Car
"Use engine power to change the 'balance' of your racecar in the corners. You can think of your racecar sort of like a teeter-totter, with front tires at one end, rear tires at the other end and the pivot at the center of gravity, roughly in the middle of the car. If your rear tires stick better than your front ones your car will push to the outside of the turn and you may hit the wall. If your front tires stick better than the rear, the rear end will come around and you may spin. Your rear tires have two jobs:"One: Hold the car from moving sideways as you go around corners. Two: Accelerate the car when you step on the gas."If you accelerate while going around the corner your rear tires can't hold the track as well as the front tires (which only have one job to do), so the rear end will start to come around, turning you away from the wall. If you're getting frustrated by your car pushing into the wall when you corner try this:"First, decelerate by taking your foot off the gas just before you enter the corner. Just after you enter the corner and get stabilized on your line, put your foot on the gas and hold it there, accelerating through the corner."If you do this right you'll be rewarded by your car pointing away from the wall and making it around the corner faster with a higher exit speed that will get you out front of your buddies."

Watch for the Other Drivers
"One thing that's very important-whether you're a rookie or a pro driver-is to be aware of the traffic around you. Use your mirror! If you have a spotter in your car, he should help by keeping track of the cars coming up behind you."

Don't Oversteer
"The most important thing to remember is to keep your steering changes to an absolute minimum. Usually, a tenth of a turn on the steering wheel is all you need to make it around the track. If you're making hand-over-hand changes, you are out of control and steering more will only make the situation worse."

About Us...

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